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ఆధునిక తెలంగాణ ఆర్ధిక విషయాలు సాధన పరీక్ష

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Telangana Udhyamam Rashtra yerpatu mock test in Telugu

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తెలంగాణ ఉధ్యమము - రాష్ట్ర ఏర్పాటు - సన్నద్ధ పరీక్ష 2

Musunuri kings Musunuri rajulu mock test in Telugu

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Amendments to Indian Constitution - Detailed notes of all amendments 81 to 106

81st Amendment (2000) – SC/ST Backlog Quota

Allowed the carry-forward of unfilled SC/ST reserved vacancies in government jobs to the next year without affecting the current year’s reservation quota.

82nd Amendment (2000)

Restored relaxation in qualifying marks for SCs and STs in promotions for government jobs by modifying Article 335.

83rd Amendment (2000)

Exempted Nagaland from the reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes in the Legislative Assembly as there are no SCs in the state.

84th Amendment (2001)

Froze parliamentary and state legislative seat delimitation until the first census after 2026.
Allowed re-adjustment of constituencies based on population but without increasing the number of seats.

85th Amendment (2001)

Allowed SC/ST employees to get consequential seniority in job promotions with retrospective effect from June 1995.

86th Amendment (2002) – Right to Education

Made free and compulsory education for children (6-14 years) a Fundamental Right (Article 21A).
Required parents to send their children to school.
Added Early Childhood Care and Education under Directive Principles (Article 45).

87th Amendment (2003)

Allowed re-adjustment of parliamentary and state assembly constituencies based on the 2001 Census without increasing the total number of seats.

88th Amendment (2003)

Provided for the levy of Service Tax under a separate Service Tax Fund, with revenue distribution between the Centre and States.

89th Amendment (2003) – SC/ST Commission Bifurcation

Separated the National Commission for SCs and STs into two bodies:
1. National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC)
2. National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST)

90th Amendment (2003)

Provided reservation of seats for Scheduled Tribes in Assam’s Bodoland Territorial Areas District (BTAD) without affecting existing reservation for other communities.

Here are the details of the 91st to 100th Amendments to the Indian Constitution:

91st Amendment (2003) – Curbing Defections & Ministerial Strength

Restricted the size of the Council of Ministers at the Centre and in States to 15% of the total members in the respective legislature.
Disqualified defected members from being appointed as ministers.

92nd Amendment (2003) – Addition of New Languages

Added Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, and Santhali to the Eighth Schedule, increasing the number of official languages to 22.

93rd Amendment (2005) – OBC Reservation in Educational Institutions

Allowed the state to make special provisions for socially and educationally backward classes, SCs, and STs in educational institutions, including private unaided institutions (except minority institutions) under Article 15(5).

94th Amendment (2006)

Removed the requirement of a separate minister for tribal welfare in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Orissa, after the creation of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.

95th Amendment (2009)

Extended reservation of seats for SCs, STs, and Anglo-Indians in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for another 10 years (until 2020).

96th Amendment (2011) – Name Change of Language

Changed the name of "Oriya" language to "Odia" in the Eighth Schedule.

97th Amendment (2011) – Promotion of Cooperatives

Gave constitutional status to cooperative societies.
Added a new Part IXB to define the powers and responsibilities of cooperative societies.

98th Amendment (2012)

Granted special status to Hyderabad-Karnataka region under Article 371J, allowing reservation in education and government jobs.

99th Amendment (2014) – National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) (Struck Down)

Replaced the Collegium System for appointing Supreme Court and High Court judges with the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC).
Struck down by the Supreme Court in 2015, restoring the Collegium System.

100th Amendment (2015) – Land Boundary Agreement with Bangladesh

Finalized the land boundary agreement between India and Bangladesh by exchanging enclaves and territories between the two nations.

101st Amendment (2016) – Goods and Services Tax (GST)

Introduced the Goods and Services Tax (GST), replacing multiple indirect taxes.
Added Article 246A, giving both the Centre and States power to levy GST.
Established the GST Council under Article 279A to oversee tax policies.

102nd Amendment (2018) – National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC)

Granted constitutional status to the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC).
Introduced Article 338B, defining NCBC’s structure, functions, and responsibilities.
Added Article 342A, giving the President the power to identify socially and educationally backward classes (SEBCs).

103rd Amendment (2019) – 10% EWS Reservation

Provided 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) in education and government jobs.
Introduced Articles 15(6) and 16(6) for EWS reservations.

104th Amendment (2020) – SC/ST Reservation Extension

Extended reservation of seats for SCs and STs in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for another 10 years (until 2030).
Removed the reservation for Anglo-Indians in legislatures.

105th Amendment (2021) – State's Power to Identify OBCs

Restored state governments' power to identify Other Backward Classes (OBCs) for reservations.
Amended Article 342A to allow states to prepare their own OBC list, overriding the 102nd Amendment.

106th Amendment (2023) – Reservation for Women in Parliament and State Assemblies

Reserved 33% (one-third) of seats for women in Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies.
Introduced new Articles 330A and 332A to enforce women's reservation.
Implementation will take place after the next census and delimitation process.

* Constitution Amendments - 1-20 | 21- 40 | 41- 60 | 61- 80 | 81 - 106 |

Amendments to Indian Constitution - Detailed notes of all amendments 61 to 80

Amendments to Indian Constitution - Detailed notes of all amendments 61-80

61st Amendment (1988) – Voting Age Reduction

Reduced the voting age for Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections from 21 years to 18 years to increase youth participation in democracy.

62nd Amendment (1989)

Extended the reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Anglo-Indians in Parliament and State Assemblies for another 10 years (until 2000).

63rd Amendment (1989)

Repealed the 59th Amendment, which had allowed an extended President’s Rule in Punjab.

64th Amendment (1990)

Extended President’s Rule in Punjab for another six months due to ongoing insurgency issues.

65th Amendment (1990)

Established the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to safeguard their rights.

66th Amendment (1990)

Added more land reform laws to the Ninth Schedule, protecting them from judicial review.

67th Amendment (1990)

Further extended President’s Rule in Punjab for another six months.

68th Amendment (1991)

Extended President’s Rule in Punjab again for another six months.

69th Amendment (1991) – Special Status for Delhi

Granted Delhi the status of a National Capital Territory (NCT).
Established a Legislative Assembly for Delhi with limited powers.

70th Amendment (1992)

Allowed representatives from Union Territories to participate in the Presidential election.

71st Amendment (1992)

Added Konkani, Manipuri, and Nepali to the Eighth Schedule, increasing the total number of recognized languages to 18.

72nd Amendment (1992)

Provided reservation of seats in the Tripura Legislative Assembly for Scheduled Tribes to protect their political rights.

73rd Amendment (1992) – Panchayati Raj System

Introduced Part IX and Eleventh Schedule to establish a three-tier Panchayati Raj system.
Made Gram Sabha (village councils) a constitutional body.
Reserved one-third of seats for women in Panchayats.

74th Amendment (1992) – Urban Local Bodies

Introduced Part IXA and Twelfth Schedule, defining powers for municipalities and urban local bodies.
Reserved one-third of seats for women in municipalities.

75th Amendment (1994)

Empowered rent control tribunals to deal with tenancy disputes, preventing regular courts from intervening.

76th Amendment (1994)

Placed Tamil Nadu's 69% reservation law in the Ninth Schedule, making it immune to judicial review.

77th Amendment (1995)

Introduced reservation in promotions for SCs and STs in government jobs under Article 16(4A).

78th Amendment (1995)

Added more land reform laws to the Ninth Schedule, protecting them from judicial review.

79th Amendment (1999)

Extended the reservation of seats for SCs, STs, and Anglo-Indians in Parliament and State Assemblies for another 10 years (until 2010).

80th Amendment (2000) – New Tax Revenue Sharing

Changed the method of tax distribution between the Centre and States.
Allowed states to receive 29% of the total central tax revenue, replacing the previous system of tax sharing.

* Constitution Amendments - 1-20 | 21- 40 | 41- 60 | 61- 80 | 81 - 106 |