Indus valley civilisation full notes in English
Indus valley civilisation full notes in English Harappan Civilisation n full notes in English Saraswathi river valley civilisation full notes in English The Indus Civilization and Its Place in World and Indian History Around 5,000 years ago, human societies transitioned from scattered agricultural villages to complex urban centers, marking the dawn of the earliest civilizations. These emerged independently in four fertile river valleys: the Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia, the Nile in Egypt, the Indus in India, and the Yellow River (Huang He) in China. These regions, enriched by their riverine environments, supported dense populations and surplus agriculture, enabling the development of cities and sophisticated societies. This transformative period, often termed the "Urban Revolution" of the fourth millennium BCE, fundamentally reshaped human history. The Four Earliest Civilizations The first urban centers appeared around 3500 BCE in Mesopotamia, followed...
