Musunuri kings Musunuri rajulu mock test in Telugu

Musunuri kings Musunuri rajulu mock test in Telugu ముసునూరి రాజులు మాక్ టెస్ట్ తెలుగులో Musunuri kings Musunuri rajulu mock test in Telugu

Musunuri kings Musunuri rajulu mock test in Telugu

Amendments to Indian Constitution - Detailed notes of all amendments 81 to 106

81st Amendment (2000) – SC/ST Backlog Quota

Allowed the carry-forward of unfilled SC/ST reserved vacancies in government jobs to the next year without affecting the current year’s reservation quota.

82nd Amendment (2000)

Restored relaxation in qualifying marks for SCs and STs in promotions for government jobs by modifying Article 335.

83rd Amendment (2000)

Exempted Nagaland from the reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes in the Legislative Assembly as there are no SCs in the state.

84th Amendment (2001)

Froze parliamentary and state legislative seat delimitation until the first census after 2026.
Allowed re-adjustment of constituencies based on population but without increasing the number of seats.

85th Amendment (2001)

Allowed SC/ST employees to get consequential seniority in job promotions with retrospective effect from June 1995.

86th Amendment (2002) – Right to Education

Made free and compulsory education for children (6-14 years) a Fundamental Right (Article 21A).
Required parents to send their children to school.
Added Early Childhood Care and Education under Directive Principles (Article 45).

87th Amendment (2003)

Allowed re-adjustment of parliamentary and state assembly constituencies based on the 2001 Census without increasing the total number of seats.

88th Amendment (2003)

Provided for the levy of Service Tax under a separate Service Tax Fund, with revenue distribution between the Centre and States.

89th Amendment (2003) – SC/ST Commission Bifurcation

Separated the National Commission for SCs and STs into two bodies:
1. National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC)
2. National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST)

90th Amendment (2003)

Provided reservation of seats for Scheduled Tribes in Assam’s Bodoland Territorial Areas District (BTAD) without affecting existing reservation for other communities.

Here are the details of the 91st to 100th Amendments to the Indian Constitution:

91st Amendment (2003) – Curbing Defections & Ministerial Strength

Restricted the size of the Council of Ministers at the Centre and in States to 15% of the total members in the respective legislature.
Disqualified defected members from being appointed as ministers.

92nd Amendment (2003) – Addition of New Languages

Added Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, and Santhali to the Eighth Schedule, increasing the number of official languages to 22.

93rd Amendment (2005) – OBC Reservation in Educational Institutions

Allowed the state to make special provisions for socially and educationally backward classes, SCs, and STs in educational institutions, including private unaided institutions (except minority institutions) under Article 15(5).

94th Amendment (2006)

Removed the requirement of a separate minister for tribal welfare in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Orissa, after the creation of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.

95th Amendment (2009)

Extended reservation of seats for SCs, STs, and Anglo-Indians in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for another 10 years (until 2020).

96th Amendment (2011) – Name Change of Language

Changed the name of "Oriya" language to "Odia" in the Eighth Schedule.

97th Amendment (2011) – Promotion of Cooperatives

Gave constitutional status to cooperative societies.
Added a new Part IXB to define the powers and responsibilities of cooperative societies.

98th Amendment (2012)

Granted special status to Hyderabad-Karnataka region under Article 371J, allowing reservation in education and government jobs.

99th Amendment (2014) – National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) (Struck Down)

Replaced the Collegium System for appointing Supreme Court and High Court judges with the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC).
Struck down by the Supreme Court in 2015, restoring the Collegium System.

100th Amendment (2015) – Land Boundary Agreement with Bangladesh

Finalized the land boundary agreement between India and Bangladesh by exchanging enclaves and territories between the two nations.

101st Amendment (2016) – Goods and Services Tax (GST)

Introduced the Goods and Services Tax (GST), replacing multiple indirect taxes.
Added Article 246A, giving both the Centre and States power to levy GST.
Established the GST Council under Article 279A to oversee tax policies.

102nd Amendment (2018) – National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC)

Granted constitutional status to the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC).
Introduced Article 338B, defining NCBC’s structure, functions, and responsibilities.
Added Article 342A, giving the President the power to identify socially and educationally backward classes (SEBCs).

103rd Amendment (2019) – 10% EWS Reservation

Provided 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) in education and government jobs.
Introduced Articles 15(6) and 16(6) for EWS reservations.

104th Amendment (2020) – SC/ST Reservation Extension

Extended reservation of seats for SCs and STs in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for another 10 years (until 2030).
Removed the reservation for Anglo-Indians in legislatures.

105th Amendment (2021) – State's Power to Identify OBCs

Restored state governments' power to identify Other Backward Classes (OBCs) for reservations.
Amended Article 342A to allow states to prepare their own OBC list, overriding the 102nd Amendment.

106th Amendment (2023) – Reservation for Women in Parliament and State Assemblies

Reserved 33% (one-third) of seats for women in Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies.
Introduced new Articles 330A and 332A to enforce women's reservation.
Implementation will take place after the next census and delimitation process.

* Constitution Amendments - 1-20 | 21- 40 | 41- 60 | 61- 80 | 81 - 106 |

Amendments to Indian Constitution - Detailed notes of all amendments 61 to 80

Amendments to Indian Constitution - Detailed notes of all amendments 61-80

61st Amendment (1988) – Voting Age Reduction

Reduced the voting age for Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections from 21 years to 18 years to increase youth participation in democracy.

62nd Amendment (1989)

Extended the reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Anglo-Indians in Parliament and State Assemblies for another 10 years (until 2000).

63rd Amendment (1989)

Repealed the 59th Amendment, which had allowed an extended President’s Rule in Punjab.

64th Amendment (1990)

Extended President’s Rule in Punjab for another six months due to ongoing insurgency issues.

65th Amendment (1990)

Established the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to safeguard their rights.

66th Amendment (1990)

Added more land reform laws to the Ninth Schedule, protecting them from judicial review.

67th Amendment (1990)

Further extended President’s Rule in Punjab for another six months.

68th Amendment (1991)

Extended President’s Rule in Punjab again for another six months.

69th Amendment (1991) – Special Status for Delhi

Granted Delhi the status of a National Capital Territory (NCT).
Established a Legislative Assembly for Delhi with limited powers.

70th Amendment (1992)

Allowed representatives from Union Territories to participate in the Presidential election.

71st Amendment (1992)

Added Konkani, Manipuri, and Nepali to the Eighth Schedule, increasing the total number of recognized languages to 18.

72nd Amendment (1992)

Provided reservation of seats in the Tripura Legislative Assembly for Scheduled Tribes to protect their political rights.

73rd Amendment (1992) – Panchayati Raj System

Introduced Part IX and Eleventh Schedule to establish a three-tier Panchayati Raj system.
Made Gram Sabha (village councils) a constitutional body.
Reserved one-third of seats for women in Panchayats.

74th Amendment (1992) – Urban Local Bodies

Introduced Part IXA and Twelfth Schedule, defining powers for municipalities and urban local bodies.
Reserved one-third of seats for women in municipalities.

75th Amendment (1994)

Empowered rent control tribunals to deal with tenancy disputes, preventing regular courts from intervening.

76th Amendment (1994)

Placed Tamil Nadu's 69% reservation law in the Ninth Schedule, making it immune to judicial review.

77th Amendment (1995)

Introduced reservation in promotions for SCs and STs in government jobs under Article 16(4A).

78th Amendment (1995)

Added more land reform laws to the Ninth Schedule, protecting them from judicial review.

79th Amendment (1999)

Extended the reservation of seats for SCs, STs, and Anglo-Indians in Parliament and State Assemblies for another 10 years (until 2010).

80th Amendment (2000) – New Tax Revenue Sharing

Changed the method of tax distribution between the Centre and States.
Allowed states to receive 29% of the total central tax revenue, replacing the previous system of tax sharing.

* Constitution Amendments - 1-20 | 21- 40 | 41- 60 | 61- 80 | 81 - 106 |

Amendments to Indian Constitution - Detailed notes of all amendments 41-60

41st Amendment (1976)

Increased the protection from legal proceedings for the President, Governors, and former holders of these offices by preventing criminal or civil cases against them for acts done during their term.

42nd Amendment (1976) – "Mini Constitution"

Most extensive amendment made during Emergency.
Added "Socialist, Secular, and Integrity" to the Preamble.
Curtailed judicial review and gave Parliament unlimited power to amend the Constitution.
Made Fundamental Duties mandatory for citizens.
Shifted subjects like education, forests, and weights & measures from the State List to the Concurrent List.

43rd Amendment (1977)

Restored judicial review for laws removed by the 42nd Amendment.
Gave courts the power to review central laws.

44th Amendment (1978)

Reversed many provisions of the 42nd Amendment.
Restored the right to property as a legal right (instead of a Fundamental Right).
Made Article 352 (National Emergency) stricter, requiring written advice from the Cabinet before declaration.
Guaranteed the right to personal liberty and protected against preventive detention.

45th Amendment (1980)

Extended reservation of seats for SCs, STs, and Anglo-Indians in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for another 10 years (until 1990).

46th Amendment (1982)

Allowed states to impose sales tax on goods transferred through works contracts (important for indirect taxation).

47th Amendment (1984)

Added more land reform laws to the Ninth Schedule, protecting them from judicial review.

48th Amendment (1984)

Extended President’s Rule in Punjab beyond one year due to rising militancy.

49th Amendment (1984)

Gave full statehood to Tripura and included provisions for its tribal areas.

50th Amendment (1984)

Extended special provisions to certain tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram under Article 371.

51st Amendment (1984)

Provided reservation of seats for Scheduled Tribes in the legislative assemblies of Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Arunachal Pradesh.

52nd Amendment (1985) – Anti-Defection Law

Introduced the Tenth Schedule to prevent political defections.
Disqualified MPs and MLAs who defected to another party after being elected.

53rd Amendment (1986)

Granted full statehood to Mizoram, giving it special provisions under Article 371G.

54th Amendment (1986)

Increased the salaries of the President, Vice President, and Supreme Court & High Court judges.

55th Amendment (1987)

Granted special status to Arunachal Pradesh under Article 371H.
Gave the Governor special responsibility for law and order.

56th Amendment (1987)

Made Goa the 25th state of India, while Daman and Diu remained a Union Territory.

57th Amendment (1987)

Reserved seats for Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies of Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Mizoram, and Meghalaya.

58th Amendment (1987)

Provided for an authoritative Hindi translation of the Constitution, ensuring that laws are equally binding in Hindi and English.

59th Amendment (1988)

Allowed President’s Rule in Punjab for up to three years instead of the usual one year due to the insurgency situation.

60th Amendment (1988)

Increased the ceiling on professional tax levied by the states from ₹250 to ₹2,500 per year.

* Constitution Amendments - 1-20 | 21- 40 | 41- 60 | 61- 80 | 81 - 106 |

Amendments to Indian Constitution - Detailed notes of all amendments 21 - 40

21st Amendment (1967)

Added Sindhi as the 15th language in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.

22nd Amendment (1969)

Created a new autonomous state of Meghalaya within Assam.

23rd Amendment (1969)

Extended reservation of seats for SCs, STs, and Anglo-Indians in Parliament and State Assemblies for another 10 years (until 1980).

24th Amendment (1971)

Made it compulsory for the President to give assent to constitutional amendment bills.
Gave Parliament power to amend any part of the Constitution, including Fundamental Rights (response to Kesavananda Bharati case).

25th Amendment (1971)

Curtailed the right to property by allowing the government to acquire private property by giving compensation based on its discretion.
Limited judicial review of property-related laws.

26th Amendment (1971)

Abolished Privy Purses and royal titles for former rulers of princely states.

27th Amendment (1971)

Converted Meghalaya from an autonomous state into a full-fledged state.
Provided special provisions for the Union Territory of Mizoram.

28th Amendment (1972)

Abolished the privileges and special rights of the former civil servants from princely states.

29th Amendment (1972)

Added land reform laws of Kerala to the Ninth Schedule, making them immune to judicial review.

30th Amendment (1972)

Changed the appeal jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in civil cases.
Allowed appeals to the Supreme Court only if the case involved a substantial question of law.

31st Amendment (1973)

Increased the Lok Sabha seats from 525 to 545, adjusting for population growth.

32nd Amendment (1973)

Provided special provisions to protect the tribal population of Andhra Pradesh.

33rd Amendment (1974)

Made resignation of MLAs and MPs valid only if accepted by the Speaker or Chairman to prevent misuse.

34th Amendment (1974)

Added more land reform laws of different states to the Ninth Schedule, preventing judicial review.

35th Amendment (1974)

Created Sikkim as an "Associate State" of India (later removed by the 36th Amendment).

36th Amendment (1975)

Made Sikkim a full-fledged state of India and added it to the First Schedule.

37th Amendment (1975)

Provided a Legislative Assembly for Arunachal Pradesh, making it a Union Territory with limited self-governance.

38th Amendment (1975)

Made the President’s ordinance-making powers absolute, preventing judicial review of ordinances.
Also protected emergency-related decisions from being challenged in courts.

39th Amendment (1975)

Barred judicial review of elections for the President, Vice President, Prime Minister, and Lok Sabha Speaker (passed during Emergency to protect Indira Gandhi’s election).

40th Amendment (1976)

Expanded Parliament's power to acquire land for public purposes.
Added more laws to the Ninth Schedule to protect them from judicial review.

* Constitution Amendments - 1-20 | 21- 40 | 41- 60 | 61- 80 | 81 - 106 |

Amendments to Indian Constitution - Detailed notes of all amendments 1-20

Amendments to Indian Constitution - Detailed notes of all amendments. As of March 2025, the Constitution of India has been amended 106 times.

The Prime Minister who made the most amendments to the Indian Constitution was Indira Gandhi.

Total Amendments During Her Tenure: 28 (from 24th Amendment in 1971 to 52nd Amendment in 1985)
Key Amendments:
- 24th Amendment (1971): Gave Parliament power to amend Fundamental Rights.
- 25th Amendment (1971): Reduced property rights to a legal right.
- 42nd Amendment (1976) – "Mini Constitution": Made major changes, including adding "Socialist" & "Secular" to the Preamble, curbing judicial review, and strengthening central government powers.
- 44th Amendment (1978) – Reversed Some 42nd Amendment Changes (by Morarji Desai after Indira Gandhi lost in 1977).

Indira Gandhi’s tenure saw the most constitutional changes, especially during the Emergency period (1975-77).

The most amended part of the Indian Constitution is Part III – Fundamental Rights and Part XII – Finance, Property, Contracts, and Suits.

1. Part III – Fundamental Rights

Most amended provisions:
- Right to Property (Article 31) – Amended multiple times and eventually removed as a Fundamental Right by the 44th Amendment (1978).
- Right to Equality (Article 15 & 16) – Amended for reservation policies (e.g., SC/ST, OBC, and EWS reservations).
- Right to Education (Article 21A) – Added by the 86th Amendment (2002).

2. Part XII – Finance, Property, Contracts, and Suits

Most amended provisions:
- Article 368 (Power of Parliament to Amend the Constitution) – Modified several times, especially by the 24th, 42nd, and 44th Amendments.
- GST Introduction (101st Amendment, 2016) – Transformed India’s taxation system.

Other Heavily Amended Parts:

Part IX – Panchayati Raj and Part IXA – Urban Local Bodies were introduced by the 73rd & 74th Amendments (1992) and have undergone modifications.

1st Amendment (1951)

Added Ninth Schedule to protect land reform and other laws from judicial review.
Restricted freedom of speech and expression by adding reasonable restrictions.
Provided for reservation in educational institutions for socially and educationally backward classes.

2nd Amendment (1952)

Changed the scale of representation in Lok Sabha by adjusting the population-based representation.
Made delimitation of constituencies independent of the census.

3rd Amendment (1954)

Revised Schedule 7, changing the distribution of powers between the Centre and the States.
Expanded the definition of "Essential Commodities" under the Concurrent List.

4th Amendment (1955)

Further strengthened land reforms by limiting property rights.
Expanded Ninth Schedule to include more laws, protecting them from judicial review.
Allowed the government to fix fair compensation for acquiring property rather than paying market rates.

5th Amendment (1955)

Empowered the President to alter Scheduled Areas in states after consulting the concerned Governor.
Made provisions for better administration of Scheduled Tribes and their welfare.

6th Amendment (1956)

Amended the Union and State Lists to expand the Centre’s power to levy duties and taxes on goods moving across states.
Strengthened Centre’s control over interstate trade and commerce.

7th Amendment (1956)

Reorganized states and territories based on language and administration.
Abolished the classification of states into Part A, B, C, and D states and introduced Union Territories.
Fixed the maximum number of seats in the Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies.

8th Amendment (1960)

Extended the reservation of SC/ST seats in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for another 10 years (originally set to expire in 1960).

9th Amendment (1960)

Facilitated the transfer of Berubari Union to Pakistan as part of the Indo-Pak Agreement.
Adjusted the territorial boundaries of India and Pakistan.

10th Amendment (1961)

Incorporated the territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli into the Indian Union as a Union Territory.

11th Amendment (1961)

Changed the procedure for the election of the Vice President.
Allowed an indirect election where members of both Houses of Parliament vote.

12th Amendment (1962)

Incorporated Goa, Daman, and Diu into the Indian Union as a Union Territory after they were liberated from Portuguese rule.

13th Amendment (1962)

Granted Nagaland statehood with special protection under Article 371A.

14th Amendment (1962)

Added Pondicherry (Puducherry), Karaikal, Mahe, and Yanam as Union Territories after their merger with India.
Provided representation for Union Territories in Parliament.

15th Amendment (1963)

Increased the retirement age of High Court judges from 60 to 62 years.
Allowed High Court judges to move to the Supreme Court after retirement.
Empowered High Courts to issue writs to any person or authority, even outside their jurisdiction.

16th Amendment (1963)

Strengthened restrictions on fundamental rights related to sovereignty and integrity.
Required candidates for elections, government jobs, and legislative positions to take an oath of allegiance to India's sovereignty and integrity.

17th Amendment (1964)

Added more land reform laws to the Ninth Schedule, protecting them from judicial review.
Further curtailed right to property in land acquisition cases.